Efecto de la aplicación de un consorcio microbiano en suelos contaminados con atrazina

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Abstract

Se evaluaron un total de veinticuatro cepas bacterianas y doce fúngicas con el objetivo de determinar su capacidad para degradar atrazina. La caracterización inicial se basó en su crecimiento en presencia de este herbicida. Para ello, se sembraron 100 μl de las cepas bacterianas en medio agar nutritivo, ajustando la concentración inicial de atrazina a 0.6%, 2.0%, 5.0%, 10.0%, 25.0% y 50.0%. En el caso de las cepas fúngicas, se inocularon por punción en medio Papa Dextrosa Agar complementado con atrazina al 0.6%. Entre todos los aislados evaluados, la cepa EM-150 destacó por su alta eficiencia en la degradación de atrazina. A concentraciones bajas del herbicida (0.6%), la mayoría de las cepas bacterianas demostraron resistencia, ya que no se observaron halos de inhibición. No obstante, la cepa EM-207 presentó una resistencia completa en todas las concentraciones evaluadas, sin formación de halos en ninguno de los tratamientos. La identificación molecular mediante secuenciación reveló que EM-207 corresponde a Achromobacter xylosoxidans, mientras que EM-262 fue identificado como Staphylococcus warneri. Por otro lado, las cepas fúngicas EM-67 y EM-135 fueron clasificadas como Trichoderma orientale a partir de la secuenciación del gen EF1-α. Los resultados permitieron identificar cepas con potencial degradador de atrazina, especialmente Trichoderma orientale EM-150, que demostró una notable actividad en condiciones de laboratorio. Asimismo, la resistencia observada en Achromobacter xylosoxidans EM-207 resalta su adaptación a ambientes contaminados con atrazina, aunque su inclusión en consorcios microbianos debe evaluarse cuidadosamente debido a su clasificación como patógeno oportunista.

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A total of twenty-four bacterial strains and twelve fungal strains were evaluated to determine their capacity to degrade atrazine. The initial characterization was based on their growth in the presence of this herbicide. For this purpose, 100 μl of bacterial strains were inoculated onto nutrient agar medium, adjusting the initial atrazine concentration to 0.6%, 2.0%, 5.0%, 10.0%, 25.0%, and 50.0%. In the case of fungal strains, inoculation was performed by puncture on Potato Dextrose Agar supplemented with 0.6% atrazine. Among all isolates tested, strain EM-150 stood out due to its high efficiency in atrazine degradation. At low herbicide concentrations (0.6%), most bacterial strains exhibited resistance, as no inhibition halos were observed. However, strain EM-207 displayed complete resistance across all concentrations tested, with no halo formation in any treatment. Molecular identification by sequencing revealed that EM-207 corresponds to Achromobacter xylosoxidans, while EM-262 was identified as Staphylococcus warneri. On the other hand, fungal strains EM-67 and EM-135 were classified as Trichoderma orientale based on EF1-α gene sequencing. The results allowed the identification of strains with atrazine-degrading potential, particularly Trichoderma orientale EM-150, which showed remarkable activity under laboratory conditions. Likewise, the resistance observed in Achromobacter xylosoxidans EM-207 highlights its adaptation to atrazine-contaminated environments, although its inclusion in microbial consortia should be carefully evaluated due to its classification as an opportunistic pathogen.

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